Apple and Child Labor Essay Example for Free

Apple and Child Labor Essay Children and teenagers everyday are put into child labor, to make money for their families or pay back what their families borrowed. In this paper I will examine child labor around the world and why children need to be able to live without being put under such stress and poor living circumstances. I will also be talking about how child labor is involved in some electronic companies like Samsung and Foxconn. Lastly, I will be talking about what most people don’t know; within the last couple years the world’s most known electronic company; Apple, Inc. has been one of the guiltiest culprits of child labor and of poisoning their employee’s. Child labor is known all over the world, and we need to put a stop to it now! Although child labor is illegal in many countries, many children under the age of twelve still are employed in these harsh work forces. Many under age employees are employed by using a fake identification (Thompson). By using a fake identification, children or teenagers can be mistaken for an adult. If the employer says or provides an identification that shows he is age eligible and they accept him for the job, no one would know any different. It is not in the hands of the hiring company to know that the employer is using a fake identification. Children and teenagers are not getting fake identifications and working in these factories for no reason. They are to pay back the money that their family has borrowed from others, or the lack of ability to get an education. Child labor could be caused by problems in the family, with health, or lack of food, money, or water. Multiple governments around the world look the other way. Child labor is illegal but some governments do not punish the companies or groups that use child labor. Child labor is very cruel to the children. Governments and rulers around the world insist that if adults of a family borrow money, the family has to pay it back no matter what, even if it means selling their crops for money or putting their children into the work force. Due to the fact that children and teenagers are working at such a young age, the children are committing suicide and other self-harms. This should not be happening; young adults committing suicide because they are so stressed or they do not want to work at these companies but also because they are being accused of stealing products. For example, one of Apple’s suppliers, Foxconn, accused one of their employees of stealing an iPhone prototype. The employee would not dare to steal an iPhone and would not have done such a thing to get himself in trouble. The possibilities of his pay being withheld and being physically punished was very high for the employee. As a result he killed himself; he did not want to be under the large amount of stress added to the amount that he already had (Usher). This occurs in a lot of work forces, where the employees get so stressed and out of control that they cannot bare to live anymore; it happens especially in electronic factories in Asia. Many people think of child labor being associated with clothing, furniture, or toys, but in reality it’s not. Child labor is known in every industry. One industry that we all use is the electronic industry. Child labor is used in the electronic industry in a big way, not as much as clothing or furniture, but close to it. The Apple IPAD tablet you are holding in your hand, the Apple T.V media portal you are watching shows off of each night, the Apple Iphone you just used to call or text your friend, are all made with the help of child labour. Apple’s major provider Foxconn, has been proven to have employees under the age of Twelve (Usher). Foxconn’s manufacturing plants in Asia have admitted to having child employees that have been poisoned, and some have committed suicide (Usher). This is a situation Apple has a difficult time controlling. The use of child labor in the electronic industry should not be happening at all. It should not be happening in any industry period. Child Labour has been used to try and sabotage the success of certain companies. Samsung was accused of having workers under the age of twelve working in their factories [Thompson]. Samsung has denied the fact that they have underage workers. The rumor was created by RIM (Blackberry) to sabotage Samsung and gain an advantage in the marketplace. Samsung does not have employees under the age of twelve working for them. The name Steve Jobs brings so many amazing thoughts into your head, how he was the co-founder of the largest high tech companies in the wold, the go to guy and CEO of Apple, a multi-billionaire, and philanthropist (In Your Face Radio). Steve Jobs was an amazing man, but in realty he was just like a lot of other top executives, which get carried away with their money and make some bad decisions (In Your Face Radio). Many people think that Jobs was the one who started exploiting children in the business. It was said that Steve Jobs that created the child labor issues in the business because he lost focus and innovation in what he was doing, lost control of his factories and caused such a dilemma in the industry that almost broke the company’s reputation. (Does Steve). Apple’s factory, Foxconn, has been caught with having 164 children in total working in many different factories around the world. (Clarke and Williams). Foxconn has been caught poisoning their employees with n-hexane, and have also been caught for abusing their workers. Tim Costello led a study in Taiwan, and went into to Foxconn and created a report based on the workers lives in Foxconn. The study showed that the company was abusing their employees by â€Å"corporal violence† (Myslewski). Now this is in Foxconn’s factories where they make the parts for the Apple devices. Foxconn has fully admitted to all of the above. The major part of Apple’s manufacturing that is using child labor is Foxconn. As I said earlier Foxconn is the company with over 164 children working in its factory, they have been caught abusing and poisoning their employees. Foxconn is relied upon a lot by Apple. By being caught employing children to manufacture components, has caused an upset within Apple, and the ability to reply on Foxconn has come into question. Apple is an amazing company; however we need to know more about what goes on behind the closed doors within their manufacturing plants and their manufacturing partners facilities. In my opinion Apple is guilty in this situation of child labor. Personally I will continue to use Apple’s products because I believe Foxconn needs to organize their company and other factories that Apple is associated with or Apple needs to find another supplier. In order to fix the crisis of child labor I think that there should be a worldwide legal age to work and which each government must implement. This will decrease the young aged employees that work in countries like India, China, Japan, Pakistan, and many more. Due to there being no worldwide legal working age, problems like child labor occur. Child labor needs to stop, and companies like Apple can lead the way to change just like they have led the way in technology.

Maya Angelou Essay example -- essays research papers

Maya Angelou has dedicated her life to end prejudices faced by many black females in the 20th century. As an author, poet, and entertainer, she is known best for her strong portrayal of African-American women. Some of her most outstanding work is the series of autobiographies that she wrote telling about her childhood. Her work has contributed immensely to Americans everywhere. She has also broken many barriers for black women in writing, entertainment, and in film making. Maya Angelou is definitely a positive role model to people everywhere. Maya Angelou has made many contributions through her poetry, writing, songwriting, acting, and film directing. She has written a series of autobiographical books focusing on her childhood until the birth of her own child, ten of which have appeared on the best selling list (â€Å"Biography† 1). The most prestigious of the novels is I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This is a very controversial novel dealing with many serious issues including rape and murder. It is her most critically acclaimed work and was nominated for the National Book Award (â€Å"Maya American† 1). She often writes using a female as the strong role model. In addition, she has published many distinguished poems which have received recognition by many people including President Clinton. Her poem â€Å"On the Pulse of Morning† was chosen by President Clinton to be read at the 1993 presidential inauguration. Many of her volumes of poetry have been nominated for the Pulitzer Prize inclu...

Mit Case Study

BCG – Join BCG – Interview Prep – Practice Cases – Distribution†¦ http://www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis†¦ The Boston Consulting Group Home > Join BCG > Interview Prep > Practice Cases > Distribution Strategy Distribution Strategy Crafting a Distribution Strategy for a Sugar Cereal Manufacturer Your client is the sugar cereal division of Foods Inc. , a U. S. -based distributor and manufacturer of packaged foods. According to the division president, Foods Inc. ‘s traditional strength has been with grocery stores, which still account for the majority of its $1. billion in sugar cereal sales. But Big M Mart, a discount chain, has been growing at a healthy rate of almost 15 percent per year and has now become Food Inc. ‘s largest customer. Your client is not sure how to react, and has asked BCG for assistance with its distribution strategy. Establish Understanding of the Case First, let me make sure I understand t he problem. Our client specializes in sugar cereals traditionally distributed through grocery stores. Sales to Big M Mart, a discount chain, have been growing at 15 percent per year, and the chain has recently become the largest distributor of the client's product nationwide.We are here to help evaluate the distribution strategy in light of Big M Mart's growth. That is correct. Could you explain to me how grocery stores differ from discount stores? Sure. Grocery stores generally specialize in food, as well as selling some household goods and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Discount stores, on the other hand, offer food alongside a wide variety of merchandise, including clothing, home electronics, and housewares. Does Big M Mart market its food products differently than do grocery stores? Discount stores advertise lower prices for a wide variety of foods, particularly staple, nonperishable foods.Could I take a moment to write a few notes to myself? Please feel free. Set Up the Fram ework Before making recommendations, I think we would need to evaluate whether sales growth at Big M Mart is good or bad for Foods, Inc. To do that, I would first look at how its sugar cereal performance at Big M Mart compares with that in other distribution channels. Second, I would look at its performance at Big M Mart in relation to competitors' performance. Next, I would determine what drives customer purchases. Finally, I would want to understand the supply chain.That certainly sounds like a reasonable approach. Let's proceed. Evaluate the Case Using the Framework 1 of 6 10/2/09 6:57 PM BCG – Join BCG – Interview Prep – Practice Cases – Distribution†¦ http://www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis†¦ First, I would like to get a better sense of where Big M Mart stands in relation to our client's other distribution channels by examining the client's sales data and margins, by distributor. The marketing department does not hav e margins by channel, but tracks sales and volume for its top five distributors.What does this imply about Big M Mart as a distribution outlet? It looks as if the top distributors have been growing more important, but particularly Big M Mart, which is growing faster than all the others. This is particularly true when we look at volume, where Big M Mart's growth is much higher than that of the other four channels. And how could you interpret what these data says about margins? While the client's sales through other distribution channels are growing faster than volume, Big M Mart volume and sales growth are the same, so the average price paid by Big M Mart has remained constant.That implies that sales growth at Big M Mart could have negative implications for our client's margins. Next, I would like to look at how our client is doing in relation to the competition within Big M Mart. Have they been gaining or losing market share? How might you find that out? I would try to interview Big M Mart's purchasing personnel, since they would probably track those data for their own purposes. Why would they want to talk to you? How might you approach such an interview? I would approach the purchasing personnel and suggest that our client and Big M Mart work ogether to identify best practices to reduce costs and increase sales of sugar cereals at Big M Mart. Let's say in a perfect world you could get a breakdown of Big M Mart sales for the four largest competitors (see market shares below). 2 of 6 10/2/09 6:57 PM BCG – Join BCG – Interview Prep – Practice Cases – Distribution†¦ http://www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis†¦ What can we infer about our client's competitors within this channel? Who should they be worried about? It looks like our client is losing market share, as is Tasty Breakfast, while Cereal Co. nd Private Label are gaining share. Private Label, however, looks to be growing from a very small base. I w ould like to explore why our client is losing market share to Cereal Co. at Big M Marts. Are their prices better than those of our client? After a period of price wars six to seven years ago that lowered industry margins, the cereal companies have refrained from price competition within the same channel. If prices are not driving the difference, I would look at other factors such as brand selection, percentage of shelf space, product placement, and in-store promotions.Visits to Big M Marts indicate that each name-brand company holds 30 percent of the shelf space, while private label has 10 percent. Cereal Co. brands, however, tend to be placed lower on the shelf than your client's products. Well, I suspect that children are a large target market for the sugar cereal manufacturers. The lower shelf placement could be especially important to children who are looking at the different types of cereals. Are there any other promotions? Some Cereal Co. brands have sales promotion tags, and the team notes that store flyers advertise specials on Cereal Co. rands for Big M Mart customer cardholders. So, even if all the companies are maintaining product prices, maybe Cereal Co. is strategically discounting prices to gain market share. It seems as if there is evidence of cooperation between Cereal Co. and Big M Mart. Do we know anything about their relationship? During earlier discussions with Big M Mart, you discovered that your client's competitors have 50 sales representatives dedicated to the Big M Mart account. Your client has seven. Cereal Co. appears to be dedicating more resources to its relationship with Big M Mart than our client is.This may explain its better product placement and promotion programs. 3 of 6 10/2/09 6:57 PM BCG – Join BCG – Interview Prep – Practice Cases – Distribution†¦ http://www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis†¦ I think I have a good sense of distribution and competition. I would now like to look at the customers and understand why they select the products they do. One hypothesis I have is that shifting brand loyalties are hurting our client's market share at Big M Mart. That's interesting. What do you think might motivate purchases of sugar cereals?There are lots of factors, such as the games in the boxes, the price of the cereal itself, how it tastes. To better understand consumer behavior, we might conduct market research, possibly through focus groups, customer observation, and price sensitivity studies. BCG teams often do such research. Let's assume your team conducts some analysis. Your research concludes that most buyers tend to fall into two categories. Approximately 60 percent of buyers go straight to one cereal and grab it. We can call this group the â€Å"brand-loyal† shoppers.Another 40 percent of shoppers look at all the cereals and then select one that interests them. Let's call this group the â€Å"impulse† buyers. For the brand-loya l shopper, the priority would be product availability, while product placement would be important for consumers who like to shop around. Within these groups, are consumers price sensitive such that one brand can lure shoppers loyal to another brand? In general, your research indicates that consumers are not price sensitive and are extremely loyal to their preferred brand.But when the preferred cereal is unavailable, the brand-loyal customers will purchase discounted cereals approximately 35 percent of the time. Well, from that information, it appears that price is not a major driver of purchases unless the preferred cereal is out of stock. In these stock-out situations, you said, brand-loyal customers will purchase discounted cereals 35 percent of the time. What happens when the customer does not purchase a discounted cereal? In approximately 25 percent of cases, the customer walks away without purchasing any cereal at all.In the remaining 40 percent of cases, the brand-loyal custom er will act like an impulse shopper and select another brand. Interesting. It seems as if product availability could be a major driver of total cereal volume for Big M Mart. Of course, we would need to know how often stock-outs occur that cause consumers to walk away without purchasing cereal occur. Since I have a pretty good understanding of customer motivation, I'd now like to ask a few questions about the client's supply chain. I would want to talk to our client's distribution personnel to understand the distribution process and to determine how often stock-outs occur.Can you describe how our client's cereal is distributed at Big M Mart? Cereals are distributed from the factory to the distributor's warehouse twice monthly. The retailer then stocks the shelves itself. Do we have any knowledge about when the individual stores are out of stock? No, we do not, since our client only delivers to the warehouses and has no direct access to in-store inventory information. Since we identif ied product availability as a key success factor earlier on, I would want to make sure that the stores were stocking the product correctly.Let's say that in your earlier in-store investigations, you found out that Big M Mart stores averaged 15 percent of sugar cereal brands out-of-stock, across all brands. 4 of 6 10/2/09 6:57 PM BCG – Join BCG – Interview Prep – Practice Cases – Distribution†¦ http://www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis†¦ Stock-outs would be a major problem for our client, since 60 percent of customers look for a specific brand of cereal and 35 percent of them would buy a discounted brand in a stock-out situation.Big M Mart would also have an incentive to reduce out-of-stock incidents, since 25 percent of the time, a brand-loyal customer will walk away without buying anything. Summarize and make recommendations Big M Mart is our client's leading customer, accounting for more than 20 percent of our client's su gar cereal revenue. Although sales to Big M Mart are increasing on an absolute basis, our client's margins there are lower than in its other channels and its competitive position is eroding in that channel. At Big M Mart, our client faces competition from both private label and Cereal Co. although the latter appears to be the greater threat. There appears to be a relationship between Big M Mart and Cereal Co. as evidenced by their joint promotions, the superior placement of the Cereal Co. product, and the substantial resources that Cereal Co. has dedicated to the Big M Mart account. We learned that 60 percent of customers are brand-loyal, implying product availability is most important. However, 40 percent like to try different kinds of cereal, indicating product placement is also important.Purchasers do not appear to be price conscious, unless the type of cereal they are looking for is out of stock, in which case there is a stronger tendency to base purchases on price promotions. I n terms of distribution, our client is making deliveries twice a month to Big M Mart's warehouses. Big M Mart, in turn, is responsible for stocking the shelves. We currently have no direct knowledge of when our client's items are out of stock at the individual stores, but there is evidence that stock-outs do occur with some frequency. Well, it sounds as if you understand the situation. What would you recommend the client do?The sales through Big M Mart appear to have a negative impact on the bottom line, as they have lower margins than sales through grocery stores. The client could work with grocery stores to ensure that they are able to compete effectively with Big M Mart in the sugar cereal market. This strategy could be risky, however, since Big M Mart is a large and important customer. Therefore, I would recommend that our client work more collaboratively with Big M Mart. To defend its current position at Big M Mart stores, the client should move toward a partnership with Big M Mart and dedicate more resources to the relationship.The customer and competitor data indicate that our client's first priority should be to improve distribution to ensure better product availability. In addition, it should push for product placement equal to, if not better than, that of its competitors. Why would Big M Mart be willing to enter into a partnership with Foods Inc? Foods Inc could offer to share its information about customer behavior to help increase revenues for both itself and Big M Mart. Stock-outs hurt Big M Mart in two ways. First, some brand-loyal customers simply walk away without purchasing cereal whenever their preferred brand is unavailable.Second, we know that other brand-loyal customers purchase lower-priced cereal whenever they encounter a stock-out of their preferred brand. Both of these instances lower Big M Mart's revenue. By eliminating stock-outs, Big M Mart could increase its sales by simply ensuring that customers don't walk away without making a p urchase. Converting these purchase occasions to sales would increase Big M Mart's sales of sugar cereals by more than 2 percent(1). Better availability also helps Big M Mart and our client increase their revenue by deterring the brand-loyal shoppers from trading down to lower-priced cereals.Recall that 35 percent of the brand-loyal shoppers purchase a discounted cereal if their preferred brand is not available. If improved distribution now makes the preferred brands more consistently available, the customers will pay a higher price for these products. Finally, we could use the information about consumer purchase behavior to help persuade Big M Mart to 5 of 6 10/2/09 6:57 PM BCG – Join BCG – Interview Prep – Practice Cases – Distribution†¦ http://www. bcg. com/join_bcg/interview_prep/practice_cases/dis†¦ share information about product availability in its individual stores.We could work with our client and Big M Mart to improve the current distri bution system to allow for more economical deliveries, while at the same time ensuring that our client's product is consistently available in the store. Thank you. Those sound like solid recommendations, but I would suggest that you fully understand the root cause of the stock-out situations and the cost to eliminate them before moving ahead. (1) 15 percent out of stock x 60 percent brand-loyal customers x 25 percent willing to forgo purchase = 2. 25 percent 6 of 6 10/2/09 6:57 PM

Analysis Simulation on Elasticity and Demand - 930 Words

Analyzing Elasticity of Demand Simulation DigiVal DigiVal Plus Manufacturing Company sells a range of computers, notebook computers, desktop computers, high-end servers and has a market share of 22 percent, along with another office in the U.K. with sales in Europe at 30 percent total sales. There are three team members who are qualified to get the companies market back on track. CEO, B.J. Downey, who targets the strategies, goals and revenue targets has steered DigiVal for the past 12 years. George Hernandez, Group Economist, who handles the analysis of economic trends in the market, Linda Jacobs, Product Manager, contributed vision and strategies within the company and Brent Richardson, Product Manager, that has a strong background†¦show more content†¦They would find gas station with a cheaper price. If the station lowered the amount of gasoline by 10% or 15%, there would be a line wrapped around the corner of that gas station. People would go out of their way to buy cheap gas. Total receipts and total revenue are determined by multiplying the price of the gas by the quantity sold. If the demand for a product is elastic, the amount consumer s buy will go up and the price will be lowered, but if inelastic, a lower price would mean a small increase in the quantity demanded. It would not be enough if sales increased. Substitutes and Compliments Gas cannot be substituted. For food, which is a good, can be substituted. If the price of fish and butter go up, buyers can switch to chicken and margarine. Small changes in the price of a product will cause people to switch from one product to the other. When quantity like this sells in a particular store or small store, the quantity changes drastically by the impact of store receipts, which tends to make the demand elastic. The more changes in substitutes the more elastic it becomes, the less substitutes for that particular product, the more inelastic the demand becomes. 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Oral Commentary on The Odyssey Essay - 802 Words

This passage is told as a flashback, as Odysseus sits in the palace of the Phaeacians telling the story of his wanderings. Odysseus reluctantly tells his story after King Alcinou notices his weeping during a minstrel, which was about the fall of Troy. So in answer to the King, Odysseus reveals his identity, background and adventures: from Troy, the winds sweep him and his men to Ismarus, city of the Cicones. The men plunder the land and, carried away by greed, refuses to leave until the Cicones turn on them and attack. Odysseus and his crew finally escape, having lost six men per ship. The point of view changes from third person to first person as Odysseus narrates Books 9–12. These books thus give background not only to Odysseus’s†¦show more content†¦Homer also uses cacophony to describe this losing fight: ...my doomed companions and me. They fought a pitched battle by the swift ships and exchanged volleys of bronzed spears (9.53-54). By combining plosive consonants (doomed, pitched battle, etc.), fricatives (fought, volleys) and sibilants (swift ships, spears), Homer successfully expresses the Cicones as stronger, better and well-trained fighters. Another example of cacophony is when the Achaeans continue to battle with the pitiless sea : Our ships pitched and plunged in the wind, and the force of the gusts tore their sails to shreds and tatters (9.71-72). The heavy concentration of plosive consonants and sibilants, effectively reflect the never-ending struggles of the journey home. Furthermore, repetition of the consonant p, as in pitched and plunged, creates an unpleasant sound which again emphasizes on the violent waters and winds. The progression of the battle is shown in the different positions of the sun. A rising sun symbolizes life and hope, as the early morning was the only time Odysseus and his men held their grounds in the battle. 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Limitation Of Liability Clause Is Binding On Qantas Airlines

Questions: Whether Frank Is Bound By The Sale Of Dishwasher By Gemma To Frances? Whether Frank Is Bound By The Contract That Is Established By Bob On His Behalf With Angela? Answers: Introducation In Australia, in order to formulate a valid contract, there are few contract elements which must be comply with by the parties to the contract and is held in(Smith v Hughes , 1871). There must be presence of offer, the offer must be accepted, the offer and acceptance must be supported by consideration, the parties must be major and of sound mind and they must have legal intention to be bound by the contract. Once all the contract elements are furnished then there is a valid contract that can be formed amid the parties. (McKendrick Liu, 2015) When a valid contract is made, then, the parties are under obligation to fulfill the terms that are made part of the written and is held in (The Moorcock, 1889) . The contract terms can be segregated as express terms and implied terms. The express terms are those terms which are mutually decided by the parties and are expressly made part of the contract before the contract is incorporated. But, the implied terms are those terms which are not made part of the contract by the parties mutually, but, they are made part of the contract under the implication of custom, usage, trade, law, etc and is held in (Heimann v Commonwealth, 1938). (Sainsbury, 2003) The express terms can be further classified into two heads, that is conditions and warranties and this segregation depends upon how they affect the nature of the contract. A condition is a contract term which is so important in any contract that it forms the heart and soul of such contract and is held in (Poussard v. Spiers, 1876). If a condition in the contract is not comply with then the very essence of the contract lapses and the contract losses its sanctity. The aggrieved party has every right to cancel the contract and seek damages from the defaulting party. But, a warranty is the terms which are not the core to the contract but they are additional to the conditions, they are required for the functioning of the contract but they cannot be considered as the heart and soul of the contract and is held in (Bettini v. Gye, 1876). If a warranty is violated then the essence of the contract is not shattered and the aggrieved party can only sue the defaulting party for damages and the co ntract cannot be cancelled.(Latimer, 2012) Another important term which is normally found in any contract is an exclusion term. An exclusion clause is the clause that is made part of the contract by which the liability of one party is limited or excluded provided there is breach of a contract term by such defaulting party and is held in (LEstrange v Graucob, 1934). However, an exclusion clause is valid provided the same is made part of the contract mutually by the parties. If one party is relying on an exclusion clause without bringing the same within the knowledge of the other party then such clause has no validly in law. Reasonable efforts must be made by the relying party to bring the clause within the notion of the other party to make the clause valid and effective upon both the parties and is held in (Causer v. Browne, 1952).(Vermeesch Lindgren, 1971) Yes, Qantas Airlines can sue Airbus Corporation Ltd for breach of contract by providing 34 channels instead of 36 channels, however, the breach is not of a term which is a condition by nature but is a warranty by nature. As per the contract Airbus Corporation Ltd has to build a new aero plane and has to send it to Qantas Airlines Ltd. there were 545 terms in the contract which were mutually decided by the parties. One of the term to the contract (term 56) was that the plane must be able to travel 10 000 km at 800 km per hour. This is the very essential term to the contract as the speed for which the airplane is purchased plays a very important role and is the core to the contract. This term is the condition to the contract but this term is not violated by Airbus Corporation Ltd(Poussard v. Spiers, 1876). Also, as per Term 455, Airbus Corporation Ltd has to provide 36 channels of entertainment to passengers but in reality it provided 34 channels. Now, this term is not core to the contract for which the contract was actually made. Further, the defect was a temporary one as the software can be re-configured within a week. Thus, this term is a warranty (Bettini v. Gye, 1876). So, Qantas Airlines can sue Airbus Corporation Ltd for breach of a warranty and can seek damages from the company. The Limitation of Liability clause is not binding on Qantas Airlines. The clause was incorporated after the contract was signed by the parties. Airbus has included the clause unilaterally without bringing the same within the knowledge of Qantas Airlines. As per (Causer v. Browne, 1952), it is necessary that reasonable efforts must be made by Airbus to bring the clause within the knowledge of Qantas Airlines in order to make the clause effective. However, no such efforts were made by Airbus. Thus, the cap of $ 300 000 is not valid and Qantas can sue Airbus for the loss of profits, that is $800 000profit per day for one week, so, $ 5600000. Thus, Qantas Airlines can sue Airbus Corporation Ltd for breach of a warranty and can seek damages from the company. But, the liability clause is not valid and Qantas Airlines can sue Airbus Corporation Ltd for damages which may extent above $ 300 000 When any person employs another person then it is the duty of the employed person to act as per the directions of his employer. The employer and employee works on the principle of agency wherein the employee is the agent of the employer and he acts as per the wishes and wills of the employer. The agent when undertake any tasks on behalf of the principal ,then, his acts and omissions will only bind the principal provided the same are carried out within the authority that is gained by him trough the principal. In law, the authorities that can be possessed by an agent can be divided into three categories, that is, an actual authority which can be express or implied and an apparent authority or ostensible authority.(Pont, 2008) An actual authority is the authority that is delegated by the principal to his agent expressly or impliedly. An express actual authority is an authority which is delegated by the principal to his agent under express terms either orally or in written form. There is some of expression that is asserted by the principal which establishes that the agent does possess some kind of authority from his principal (Watteau v Fenwick, 1893). An implied actual authority is an authority which is possessed by an agent from his principal impliedly, that is by conduct. There is some kind of implication which demonstrates that the agent possesses authority from the principal and it is obligatory that the agent must act within the authority so delegated upon him. An apparent authority is also called as an ostensible authority according to which an agent possess authority to carry out the tasks on behalf of his principal provided the power is delegated by the principal to an agent by doing some kind of overt act which made the third party to believe that the agent does have the requisite authority to bind the principal. There is no express or implied authority that is delegated by the principal but the authority is apparent (Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties, 1964). However, if the third party is aware that the agent does not possess any authority then any contract established by such an agent is non-binding in nature. But, if the third party is acting in good faith then the contract is binding upon the principal provided there is some overt act which is undertaken by the principal which depicts that the agent does posses some kind of authority to bind the principal.es and freezers. It is submitted that Gemma was appointed by Frank as a salesperson. One day, Gemma was visited by Tom who showed his interest to buy the dishwasher @ $350. However, Gemma is aware that his niece might need the dishwasher so he promises Frances that he will sell the dishwasher to her @ $ 300. In order to sell the dishwasher to Frances, Gemma misguides Frank that the dishwasher will never be dole @ $350. On hearing this Frank authorizes Gemma for the sale of dishwasher @ $ 300. It is submitted that Gemma was expressly authorized by Frank to sell the dishwasher @ $300 but this authority is gained by Gemma by making a misrepresentation to Frank. Under the express authority gained by Gemma, he sold the dishwasher to Frances @ $ 300. The contract that is made by Gemma with Frances on behalf of Frank is a valid contract and Frank is bound by the sale as the sole was concluded by Gemma within the authority that is delegated to him by Frank. So, the sale is binding but Frank can sue Gemma for the profit of $50(Bentley v Craven, 1853). Yes, Frank is bound by the contract that is established by Bob on his behalf with Angela. It is submitted that Frank has also appointed Bob for selling of large quantities of washing machines to commercial laundries. Bob is in negotiations with Angela who is aware that Bob is the agent of Frank for the sale if washing machines. Without any knowledge to Angela, Frank fired Bob as he usually later for work and many a times come drunk. The cessation of the employment of Bob is not within the knowledge of Angela nor is any overt act undertaken by Frank to let Angela aware that Bob is no longer associated with him. Thus, Frank by not making any kind of declaration that Bob is not associated with him for any kind of future dealing has resulting in debating a kind of ostensible authority and if Angela deals with Bob in good faith and without any knowledge of Bob termination, then, the contract that is undertaken by Bob with Angela is binding on Frank. Now, Bob sold 10 washing machines to Angela @ 1000 each. Angela is not aware of the termination of Bob and she made an electronic transfer. Bon took the money and disappears overseas with it. It is submitted that the act of Bob is carried out within the ostensible authority and the contract amid Bob and Angela is binding upon Frank. Conclusion It is submitted that the sale by Gemma of the dishwasher to Frances on behalf of Frank is a valid sale as the sale was undertaken by Gemma within his implied authority. Though Frank can later sue Gemma for breaching his duties as an agent, that is, to act with honesty and care and diligence and can claim the profit of $ 50 from Gemma. Also, the contract that is made amid Bob and Angela is binding upon Frank as the contract is made by Bob within his ostensible authority provided Angela is not aware of the termination of the services of Bob. References Bentley v Craven (1853). Bettini v. Gye (1876). Causer v. Browne (1952). Freeman Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (1964). Heimann v Commonwealth (1938). LEstrange v Graucob (1934). Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. McKendrick, E., Liu, Q. (2015). Contract Law: Australian Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. Pont, G. (2008). Law of Agency. LexisNexis Butterworths. Poussard v. Spiers (1876). Sainsbury, M. (2003). Moral Rights and Their Application in Australia. Federation Press. Smith v Hughes (1871). The Moorcock (1889). Vermeesch, Lindgren. (1971). Business law of Australia. Butterworths. Watteau v Fenwick (1893).